Association of blood groups/Rh and diabetes mellitus in Karachi city, Pakistan

Abstract The main purpose of this study was to find out a possible association between ABO blood groups or Rh and diabetes mellitus (DM) in the local population of eight (8) different towns of Karachi, Pakistan. For this purpose a survey was carried out in Karachi to have a practical observation of these towns during the period of 9 months from June 2019 to Feb. 2020. Out of eighteen (18) towns of Karachi, samples (N= 584) were collected from only eight (8) Towns of Karachi and gave a code-number to each town. Diabetic group sample was (n1=432) & pre-diabetes sample was (n2 =152). A standard Abbot Company Glucometer for Random Blood Sugar (RBS) and Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) tests, standard blood anti sera were used for ABO/Rh blood type. Health assessment techniques were performed ethically by taking informed consent from all registered subjects. Finally data was analyzed by SPSS version 20.0. In our current study, the comparison of ABO blood groups frequencies between diabetic and pre-diabetic individuals were carried out. The percentage values of blood Group-B as given as: (32% in DM vs. 31% in pre-diabetics), followed by blood Group-O as: (18% in DM vs. 11% in pre-diabetics). Contrary to Group-B & O, blood Group-A and Group-AB were distribution percentage higher pre-diabetic as compared to DM patients, as given as: Group-A (32% in pre-diabetics vs. 26% in DM) & Group-AB (26% in pre-diabetics vs. 24% in diabetics patients). In addition, percentage distribution of Rh system was also calculated, in which Rh+ve Group was high and more common in DM patients as compared to pre-diabetics; numerically given as: Rh+ve Group (80% in DM vs. 72% in pre-diabetics). Different views and dimensions of the research topic were studied through literature support, some have found no any association and some established a positive association still some were not clear in making a solid conclusion. It is concluded that DM has a positive correlation with ABO blood groups, and people with Group-B have increased susceptibility to DM disease.

Resumo O objetivo principal deste estudo foi descobrir uma possível associação entre grupos sanguíneos ABO ou Rh e diabetes mellitus (DM) na população local de oito (8) diferentes cidades de Karachi, Paquistão. Para tanto, foi realizado um levantamento em Karachi para observação prática dessas cidades durante o período de 9 meses de junho de 2019 a fevereiro de 2020.De dezoito (18) cidades de Karachi, as amostras (N = 584) foram coletadas de apenas oito (8) cidades de Karachi e deram um número-código para cada cidade. A amostra do grupo de diabéticos foi (n1 = 432) e a amostra de pré-diabetes foi (n2 = 152). Um glicômetro padrão da Abbot Company para testes de açúcar no sangue aleatório (RBS) e açúcar no sangue em jejum (FBS), antissoros de sangue padrão foram usados para o tipo de sangue ABO / Rh. As técnicas de avaliação de saúde foram realizadas de forma ética, tomando o consentimento informado de todos os indivíduos registrados. Finalmente, os dados foram analisados pelo SPSS versão 20.0.No presente estudo, foi realizada a comparação das frequências dos grupos sanguíneos ABO entre diabéticos e pré-diabéticos. Os valores percentuais do sangue do Grupo-B são dados como: (32% em DM vs. 31% em pré-diabéticos), seguido pelo sangue do Grupo-O como: (18% em DM vs. 11% em pré-diabéticos). Ao contrário dos Grupos B e O, sangue do Grupo-A e Grupo-AB tiveram distribuição percentual maior de pré-diabéticos em comparação com pacientes com DM, dado como: Grupo-A (32% em pré-diabéticos vs. 26% em DM) e Grupo AB (26% em pré-diabéticos vs. 24% em pacientes diabéticos). Além disso, também foi calculada a distribuição percentual do sistema Rh, no qual o Grupo Rh + ve foi elevado e mais comum em pacientes com DM em comparação aos pré-diabéticos; dados numericamente como: Grupo Rh + ve (80% em DM vs. 72% em pré-diabéticos). Diferentes visões e dimensões do tema de pesquisa foram estudadas com o suporte da literatura, alguns não encontraram nenhuma associação e alguns estabeleceram uma associação positiva, embora alguns não estivessem claros em fazer uma conclusão sólida. Conclui-se que o DM tem correlação positiva com os grupos sanguíneos ABO, e as pessoas com o Grupo B têm maior suscetibilidade à doença DM.

Association of blood groups/Rh and diabetes mellitus in Karachi city, Pakistan / Associação de grupos sanguíneos/Rh e diabetes mellitus na cidade de Karchi, Paquistão

Abstract The main purpose of this study was to find out a possible association between ABO blood groups or Rh and diabetes mellitus (DM) in the local population of eight (8) different towns of Karachi, Pakistan. For this purpose a survey was carried out in Karachi to have a practical observation of these towns during the period of 9 months from June 2019 to Feb. 2020. Out of eighteen (18) towns of Karachi, samples (N= 584) were collected from only eight (8) Towns of Karachi and gave a code-number to each town. Diabetic group sample was (n1=432) & pre-diabetes sample was (n2 =152). A standard Abbot Company Glucometer for Random Blood Sugar (RBS) and Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) tests, standard blood anti sera were used for ABO/Rh blood type. Health assessment techniques were performed ethically by taking informed consent from all registered subjects. Finally data was analyzed by SPSS version 20.0. In our current study, the comparison of ABO blood groups frequencies between diabetic and pre-diabetic individuals were carried out. The percentage values of blood Group-B as given as: (32% in DM vs. 31% in pre-diabetics), followed by blood Group-O as: (18% in DM vs. 11% in pre-diabetics). Contrary to Group-"B" & "O", blood Group-A and Group-AB were distribution percentage higher pre-diabetic as compared to DM patients, as given as: Group-A (32% in pre-diabetics vs. 26% in DM) & Group-AB (26% in pre-diabetics vs. 24% in diabetic's patients). In addition, percentage distribution of Rh system was also calculated, in which Rh+ve Group was high and more common in DM patients as compared to pre-diabetics; numerically given as: Rh+ve Group (80% in DM vs. 72% in pre-diabetics). Different views and dimensions of the research topic were studied through literature support, some have found no any association and some established a positive association still some were not clear in making a solid conclusion. It is concluded that DM has a positive correlation with ABO blood groups, and people with Group-B have increased susceptibility to DM disease.

Resumo O objetivo principal deste estudo foi descobrir uma possível associação entre grupos sanguíneos ABO ou Rh e diabetes mellitus (DM) na população local de oito (8) diferentes cidades de Karachi, Paquistão. Para tanto, foi realizado um levantamento em Karachi para observação prática dessas cidades durante o período de 9 meses de junho de 2019 a fevereiro de 2020.De dezoito (18) cidades de Karachi, as amostras (N = 584) foram coletadas de apenas oito (8) cidades de Karachi e deram um número-código para cada cidade. A amostra do grupo de diabéticos foi (n1 = 432) e a amostra de pré-diabetes foi (n2 = 152). Um glicômetro padrão da Abbot Company para testes de açúcar no sangue aleatório (RBS) e açúcar no sangue em jejum (FBS), antissoros de sangue padrão foram usados ​​para o tipo de sangue ABO / Rh. As técnicas de avaliação de saúde foram realizadas de forma ética, tomando o consentimento informado de todos os indivíduos registrados. Finalmente, os dados foram analisados ​​pelo SPSS versão 20.0.No presente estudo, foi realizada a comparação das frequências dos grupos sanguíneos ABO entre diabéticos e pré-diabéticos. Os valores percentuais do sangue do Grupo-B são dados como: (32% em DM vs. 31% em pré-diabéticos), seguido pelo sangue do Grupo-O como: (18% em DM vs. 11% em pré-diabéticos). Ao contrário dos Grupos "B" e "O", sangue do Grupo-A e Grupo-AB tiveram distribuição percentual maior de pré-diabéticos em comparação com pacientes com DM, dado como: Grupo-A (32% em pré-diabéticos vs. 26% em DM) e Grupo AB (26% em pré-diabéticos vs. 24% em pacientes diabéticos). Além disso, também foi calculada a distribuição percentual do sistema Rh, no qual o Grupo Rh + ve foi elevado e mais comum em pacientes com DM em comparação aos pré-diabéticos; dados numericamente como: Grupo Rh + ve (80% em DM vs. 72% em pré-diabéticos). Diferentes visões e dimensões do tema de pesquisa foram estudadas com o suporte da literatura, alguns não encontraram nenhuma associação e alguns estabeleceram uma associação positiva, embora alguns não estivessem claros em fazer uma conclusão sólida. Conclui-se que o DM tem correlação positiva com os grupos sanguíneos ABO, e as pessoas com o Grupo B têm maior suscetibilidade à doença DM.

TO DETERMINE FETOMATERNAL OUTCOME IN RH NEGATIVE PREGNANCY

Background: The present study was conducted to determine the fetomaternal outcome among Rh-negative pregnancies presenting to a secondary care hospital of North India. Methods: A prospective observational design was carried out among Rh negative mothers presenting to the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Swaroop Rani Hospital, Prayagraj, from December 2021 to July 2022. On admission each mother was interviewed using a questionnaire. ABO/Rh grouping of the mothers as well as their husbands/partners were done. Rh antibody titers of the patients were done at first visit and repeated at 28 and 32 weeks respectively. The labor of each of the mothers was monitored carefully, with the mode of delivery and outcome of labor being recorded in the proforma. For the Rh typing of the neonate, cord blood was collected after delivery and sent for ABO/Rh grouping. Both the mother and the neonate were followed up till their discharge/death, and any adverse maternal or neonatal outcome in this period were noted. Results: During the study period, 46 mothers were assessed. The mean age was 23.9±1.4 years. Most of the mothers were multipara. 4.4% of them had a raised Rh antibody titer. Of the mothers, 13% delivered preterm and most required lower segment cesarean section (56.5%). 93.5% of the deliveries resulted in live births. The incidence of Rh incompatibility among the Rh-negative mothers was 83.7%. The mean birth weight was 2.8±0.4 kgs, with most of the babies being male (60.5%). The most common complications developing in the neonates was anemia (21%) and neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (9.3%). Only one (2.3%) of the neonates born to the mothers died due to post-birth complications. Conclusions: Rh incompatibility was observed to be high among the mothers assessed in the study, with 4.4% having raised anti-D titers. Anemia and neonatal hyperbilirubinemia were found to be the most common problems associated with such pregnancies.

Isoinmunización Rh en bajas respondedoras: Reporte de caso / Rh Isoimmunization in Low Responders: Case Report / Isoimunização Rh em pacientes com baixa resposta: relato de caso

Introducción. La isoinmunización Rh consiste en la producción de anticuerpos maternos en una gestante Rh negativa contra los antígenos de los eritrocitos Rh positivos fetales ocasionados por una hemorragia fetomaterna. En población gestante, el 15% son Rh negativo y la severidad de la afectación fetal está relacionada con una serie de procesos inmunológicos y la historia obstétrica. Si una gestante Rh negativa con riesgo de isoinmunización no recibe profilaxis con inmunoglobulina Anti-D se inmuniza el 16% en la primera gestación, el 30% en la segunda y el 50% después de la tercera. Con este reporte de caso queremos describir el subgrupo de pacientes gestantes con isoinmunización Rh bajas respondedoras. Presentación del caso. G9P5C1A2Gem1V7 de 43 años, remitida en semana 30 de gestación por isoinmunización Rh, no recibió inmunoglobulina Anti-D durante este embarazo, ni en los anteriores ni en el posparto, reporte de Coombs indirecto de 1/4 que se eleva a 1/16, seguimiento ecográfico normal. En semana 35.3 presenta anemia fetal leve y por tratarse de un embarazo alrededor del término se finaliza por cesárea. Recién nacido con adecuado peso para la edad gestacional, quien fue dado de alta a las 72 horas con evolución satisfactoria. Discusión. Las gestantes con isoinmunización Rh bajas respondedoras se sensibilizan con altos volúmenes sanguíneos sin repercusión hemodinámica in utero, produciendo una enfermedad hemolítica fetal leve. Esta respuesta inmune es poco frecuente y está asociada a factores protectores; sin embargo, son necesarios más estudios que sustenten esta condición. Conclusiones. El control prenatal y el Coombs indirecto cuantitativo seriado son las principales herramientas para la prevención de la isoinmunización. El conocimiento de la respuesta inmunológica permite identificar el subgrupo de las bajas respondedoras que tienen una evolución clínica más leve y menor morbilidad neonatal. Palabras clave: Embarazo; Isoinmunización Rh; Eritroblastosis Fetal; Globulina Inmune RHO(D); Hidropesía Fetal.

Introduction. Rh isoimmunization consists of a Rh-negative pregnant woman producing maternal antibodies against the antigens of fetal Rh-positive erythrocytes due to fetomaternal hemorrhage. 15% of the pregnant population is Rh negative, and the severity of fetal effects is related to a series of immunological processes and the obstetric history. If a Rh-negative pregnant woman at risk of isoimmunization does not receive a prophylaxis of Anti-D immunolobulin, 16% are immunized in the first pregnancy, 30% in the second and 50% after the third. In this case report we will describe the subgroup of low responder pregnant patients with Rh isoimmunization. Case Presentation. G9P5C1A2Gem1V7, 43 years old, referred on the 30th week of pregnancy due to Rh isoimmunization. She did not receive Anti-D immunolobulin during this pregnancy, nor in her previous pregnancies, nor during postpartum. Indirect Coombs report of 1/4, which increases to 1/16. Ultrasound monitoring is normal. At week 35.3 she presented mild fetal anemia, and because the pregnancy was near its term, it was ended by cesarean section. Newborn with adequate weight considering the gestational age, who was then discharged after 72 hours with satisfactory evolution. Discussion. Low responder pregnant women with Rh isoimmunization are sensitized with high blood volumes but without hemodynamic repercussions in utero, producing a mild fetal hemolytic disease. This immune response is infrequent and is associated with protective factors; however, further studies are required to support this condition. Conclusions. Prenatal control and serialized quantitative indirect Coombs testing are the main tools for the prevention of isoimmunization. Knowledge of the immunological response enables identifying the subgroup of low responders who present a milder clinical evolution and lower newborn morbidity. Keywords: Pregnancy; Rh Isoimmunization; Erythroblastosis, Fetal; RHO(D) Immune Globulin; Hydrops Fetalis.

Introdução. A isoimunização Rh consiste na produção de anticorpos maternos em uma gestante Rh negativa contra os antígenos dos eritrócitos fetais Rh positivos causados por hemorragia fetomaterna. Na população gestante, 15% são Rh negativos e a gravidade do envolvimento fetal está relacionada a uma série de processos imunológicos e ao histórico obstétrico. Se uma gestante Rh negativa com risco de isoimunização não receber profilaxia com imunoglobulina Anti-D, imuniza-se 16% na primeira gestação, 30% na segunda e 50% após a terceira. Com este relato de caso, queremos descrever o subgrupo de pacientes gestantes com isoimunização Rh de baixa resposta. Apresentação do caso. G9P5C1A2Gem1V7, 43 anos, encaminhada na 30ª semana de gestação para isoimunização Rh, não recebeu imunoglobulina Anti-D nesta gestação, nem nas anteriores nem no puerpério, laudo de Coombs indireto de 1/4 que sobe para 1/16, acompanhamento ultrassonográfico normal. Na semana 35,3, apresentou anemia fetal leve e por se tratar de uma gestação próxima ao termo, foi interrompida por cesariana. Recém-nascido com peso adequado para a idade gestacional, que recebeu alta às 72 horas com evolução satisfatória. Discussão. Gestantes com isoimunização Rh de baixa resposta são sensibilizadas com elevados volumes sanguíneos sem repercussões hemodinâmicas in utero, produzindo doença hemolítica fetal leve. Essa resposta imune é rara e está associada a fatores protetores; no entanto, mais estudos são necessários para fundamentar esta condição. Conclusões. O controle pré-natal e o Coombs indireto quantitativo seriado são as principais ferramentas para a prevenção da isoimunização. O conhecimento da resposta imunológica permite identificar o subgrupo de pacientes com baixa resposta que apresentam evolução clínica mais branda e menor morbidade neonatal. Palavras-chave: Gravidez; Isoimunização Rh; Eritroblastose Fetal; Inmunoglobulina RHO (D), Hidropisia Fetal.

Infección por SARS-CoV-2 y grupos sanguíneos en pacientes cubanos diagnosticados con la COVID-19

Introducción: Diferentes estudios han propuesto la relación entre los grupos sanguíneos del sistema ABO y la susceptibilidad a la COVID-19 y su importancia en el curso de la enfermedad. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia fenotípica de grupos sanguíneos ABO y RhD en un grupo de pacientes con infección activa por SARS-CoV-2. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal y caso control en el Hospital Docente Clínico Quirúrgico "Freyre Andrade" de La Habana, para determinar la frecuencia fenotípica ABO y RhD en un grupo de pacientes con enfermedad activa por la COVID-19. Se estudiaron 928 muestras de sangre de pacientes con diagnóstico de COVID-19 y 1050 muestras pertenecientes a individuos sanos como grupo control. El grupo sanguíneo ABO y RhD se determinó por método de aglutinación en tubo con sueros hemoclasificadores anti-A, anti-B, anti-A+B, yanti-D. Los resultados fueron expresados en frecuencias absolutas y relativas y se determinó la asociación del grupo sanguíneo con la gravedad de la enfermedad por medio de la prueba no paramétrica de χ2 con un nivel de significación de p ≤ 0,05. Resultados: Se observó predominio del fenotipo O (49,24 %) seguido del A (35,79 %), B (12,68 %) y AB (2,27 %) respectivamente. Los fenotipos O y B presentaron significación estadística para la ocurrencia de la COVID-19, con valores de p < 0,05. No se encontró significación estadística en cuanto al predominio de un fenotipo particular y la necesidad de cuidados intensivos. Conclusiones: La relación del grupo sanguíneo ABO en la infectividad por SARS-CoV-2 y la gravedad de la enfermedad por la COVID-19 requiere estudios adicionales ya que los actuales no son concluyentes.

Introduction: Different studies have proposed the relationship between the blood groups of ABO system and the susceptibility to COVID-19 and its importance in the course of the disease. Objective: To determine the phenotypic frequency of ABO and RhD blood groups in a group of patients with active SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional, case-control study was conducted to determine the ABO and RhD phenotypic frequency in a group of patients with COVID-19 active disease. Nine hundred twenty eight blood samples and 1050 samples belonging to healthy individuals as control group were studied. The ABO and RhD blood group was determined by the tube agglutination method with anti-A, anti-B, anti-A+B, and anti-D blood classifying sera. The results were expressed in absolute and relative frequencies and the association of the blood group with the severity of the disease was determined by the non-parametric χ2 test with a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. Results: A predominance of phenotype O (49.24%) was observed, followed by A (35.79%), B (12.68%) and AB (2.27%) respectively. The O and B phenotypes showed statistical significance for the occurrence of COVID-19, with p values < 0.05. No statistical significance was found regarding the prevalence of a particular phenotype and the need for intensive care. Conclusions: The relationship of the ABO blood group in the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 and the severity of the disease by COVID-19 requires additional studies, since the current ones are not conclusive.

Phenotypic and Allelic Frequency of ABO and Rh (D) Blood Group among Whole Blood Donors in a Teaching Hospital of Chhattisgarh

Background: ABO and Rh (D) blood groups are the most important in blood transfusion and are determined genetically. Although these blood groups are common to all humans, there is variation in their allelic frequency based on region and population. This study was performed to determine the allelic frequency of ABO & Rh (D) in the donor population in the Blood Center of Chhattisgarh located in Central India.Place and Duration of Study:It is a cross-sectionalstudy performed in the Department of Transfusion Medicine & Blood Bank of a teaching hospital from July 2021-February 2022.Methodology:Only the accepted whole blood donors were included. ABO & Rh (D) blood grouping was performed by conventional tube technique and their allelic frequency was determined. We studied 4078 whole blood donors out of which 4055 were males and 23 were females. Results:Phenotypic frequency of ABO blood group system was O>B>A>AB. Rh (D) positive was more prevalent than Rh (D) negative. Allele frequency of ABO system was 0.1545 for IA, 0.2351 for IB, and 0.6105 for IO. In Rh system, allele frequency of IDwas 0.8441 and Idwas 0.1559. Conclusion:Phenotypic & allelic frequency of ABO & Rh (D) shows heterogeneous distribution in different parts of the world. Our study showed blood group O & allele IO as the most common.This data is of utmost importance in the planning of transfusion services, especially during a healthcare crisis in low-resource area like ours.

Use of prophylactic phototherapy for RhD neonatal disease in a referral service

Abstract Objective: This study aimed to describe the effect of prophylactic phototherapy in the treatment of infants with Neonatal Hemolytic Disease. Method: A retrospective cohort study was carried out with 199 RhD-positive infants, born to RhD-negative mothers, alloimmunized for RhD antigen, between January 2009 and December 2018. Results: The incidence of exchange transfusions in the study population was 9.5%, with a mean maximum bilirubin value of 11.3 mg % (± 4.3mg %). Bilirubin's maximum peak was achieved with a mean of 119.2 life hours (± 70.6h). Conclusions: The low incidence of exchange transfusion, the extended maximum bilirubin peak for later ages, and the low mean of the maximum bilirubin values may indicate a positive effect of prophylactic phototherapy in the treatment of this disease. Further studies must be carried out to confirm these findings.

Analysis of ABO and RhD blood group detection results among voluntary blood donors in Huainan of Anhui province / 中国基层医药

Objective:To analyze the distributions of ABO and RhD blood groups by analyzing the basic data of blood group detection among voluntary blood donors in Huainan in 2021, to provide data support for blood recruitment, clinical use of blood, and emergency guarantee of rare groups of blood.Methods:ABO and RhD blood groups of 24 484 voluntary blood donors eligible for blood donation in 2021 were detected using the Metis150-8 automatic blood group analyzer, manual saline method, antihuman globulin method, and manual polybrene test. The blood group results were statistically analyzed.Results:Among 24 484 voluntary blood donors in Huainan in 2021, A blood group accounted for the highest proportion (7 463 cases, 30.48%), followed by O blood group (7 444 cases, 30.40%) and B blood group (7 056 cases, 28.82%), and the last was AB blood group (2 521 cases, 10.30%). A total of 143 cases of RhD-negative blood were detected, and the negative frequency of RhD was 0.58% (143/24 484). Among the RhD-negative blood samples, 43 cases of type A, 41 cases of type B, 46 cases of type O, and 13 cases of type AB were RhD-negative, accounting for 30.07%, 28.67%, 32.17%, and 9.09%, respectively. There was no statistical difference in the detection rate of Rh-negative blood among different ABO blood groups in Huainan ( χ2 = 0.36, P = 0.948). The ABO blood group distribution of voluntary blood donors in Huainan in 2021 was not identical to those of voluntary blood donors in Guangzhou, Yueyang, Xinjiang Bozhou, Zhangzhou, and Liuzhou. The proportion of type A blood donors in Yueyang was higher than those in other regions. The proportions of type B blood donors in Huainan, Xinjiang Bozhou, and Zhangzhou were higher than those in other regions. The proportion of type O blood donors in Liuzhou was higher than those in other regions. The proportions of type AB blood donors in Huainan and Xinjiang Bozhou were higher than those in other regions. Conclusion:The distributions of ABO and RhD blood groups among voluntary blood donors in Huainan region have certain regional characteristics. Central blood banks and medical institutions should reasonably store and supply blood according to the blood collection from voluntary blood donations and the needs of clinical transfusion, to prevent the occurrence of situations such as blood expiration and waste.

Descripción de una población de embarazadas con incompatibilidad Rh (D) / Description of a population of pregnant women with Rh (D) incompatibility

Resumen OBJETIVO: Describir los desenlaces maternos y perinatales en embarazadas con incompatibilidad Rh D. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de cohorte retrospectiva efectuado en la Unidad Materno Infantil de Medellín, Colombia, en pacientes embarazadas atendidas entre 2013 y 2018 con incompatibilidad Rh. Se realizó un muestreo no probabilístico de casos consecutivos y un análisis univariado. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 250 pacientes con mediana de edad de 26 años y tipo de sangre O-, que fue el más prevalente (55.2%). El 49.2% de las pacientes había tenido entre 2 y 3 embarazos previos. El 88% de las pacientes no había tenido ningún evento sensibilizante durante el embarazo. El 65.2% tuvo un reporte negativo del primer Coombs y la media de semanas de embarazo al primer Coombs fue de 28. El 48% de las pacientes recibió la inmunoglobulina G anti-D a una mediana de 28 semanas de gestación. CONCLUSIÓN: El estudio confirma datos clínicos y sociodemográficos y sugiere que se requiere fortalecer la oportunidad en la captación temprana de las pacientes para el seguimiento con el Coombs y para la indicación de la profilaxis.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnant women with Rh D incompatibility. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A Retrospective cohort study carried out in the Maternal and Child Unit of Medellín, Colombia, in pregnant patients attended between 2013 and 2018. RESULTS: 250 patients were included, in which the median age was 26 years. The O- blood type was the most prevalent in pregnant women with 55.2% and 49.2% of the patients had had between 2 and 3 previous pregnancies, in addition, 88% of the patients had not presented any sensitizing event during her pregnancy. 65.2% had a negative first Coombs result and the mean gestational age of the first Coombs was 28 weeks. 48% of patients received immunoglobulin G anti D at a median gestational age of 28 weeks. CONCLUSION: The present study confirms the clinical and sociodemographic data, however it suggests that it may be necessary to strengthen the opportunity in the early recruitment of patients for follow-up with Coombs and for the indication of prophylaxis.

Retrospective Analysis of Irregular Antibodies Causing Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn in Jiangxi Province / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the characteristics of antibody-specific distribution, laboratory detection results of hemolytic disease of the fetus and neonatal(HDFN) caused by irregular blood group antibodies other than ABO, and its correlation with the clinical situation.@*METHODS@#The non-ABO-HDFN cases in our hospital from October 2012 to December 2021 were selected as the research objects, and the cases diagnosed with ABO-HDFN in the same period were randomly selected as the control group, and the data of antibody specific distribution, total bilirubin, direct antibodies, maternal history, age of the children, the presence or absence of combined ABO-HDFN, and whether to exchange/transfuse blood were retrospectively analyzed. The characteristics of non-ABO-HDFN in Jiangxi province were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#The detection rate of non-ABO-HDFN in Jiangxi province increased. Among 187 non ABO-HDFN cases, the highest percentage of Rh-HDFN was detected (94.6%). Compared with the control group of ABO-HDFN, the non-ABO-HDFN had higher mean integral value of direct antibody, higher peak total bilirubin, and longer duration. Anti-M-HDFN may have severe disease but the direct antibody weak positive/negative, it was easy missed in clinical and delayed the treatment. There is no correlation between the specificity of irregular antibodies, the sex of the child, the mother's previous childbirth history, the presence or absence of combined ABO-HDFN and the need for blood exchange/transfusion(P>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The irregular antibodies of causing non ABO-HDFN in Jiangxi area are mainly Rh blood group system, followed by MNS blood group system. Understanding the characteristics of HDFN disease, serological features and the correlation with clinical indexes will help to detect and treat non ABO-HDFN in time and reduce the risk of complications.

Study on RHD and RHCE gene mRNA based on three generation sequencing technology / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To establish RH gene mRNA sequencing method based on nanopores sequencing and to explore the RHD and RHCE mRNA transcripts in D positive and Del individuals. 【Methods】 From March 2021 to May 2022, 5 RhD positive samples and 5 Del samples screened out by hospitals in Chengdu were sent to our laboratory for futher examination. The erythrocytes and buff coat were isolated, then DNA and RNA were extracted.All 10 samples were genotyped by PCR-SSP. After the mRNA was reversely transcribed into cDNA, the full-length mRNA of RHD and RHCE genes were simultaneously amplified by a pair of primers. Sanger sequencing and third-generation sequencing technology based on Nanopore were used to sequence the amplified products, and the types and expressions of different splices of RHD and RHCE gene mRNA transcripts were analyzed. 【Results】 The method established in this study can simultaneously amplify the full length transcripts of RHD and RHCE. Ten different RHD gene mRNA transcripts and nine RHCE gene mRNA transcripts were detected in 10 samples. RHD full-length transcript (RHD-201) can be detected in RhD Del type, but the expression amount was significantly lower than that in RhD positive samples. The expression amount of transcript RHD-207 (Del789) in Del samples was significantly higher than that in RhD positive samples. The transcript RHD-208 (Del8910+ 213) was only detected in RhD Del type individuals, and no significant difference was found between other RHD transcripts and all RHCE transcripts in the two phenotypes. 【Conclusion】 In this study, an analytical method for sequencing full-length transcript isomers of RHD and RHCE mRNA via the third generation was successfully established, and complex alternative splicing patterns were found in RHD and RHCE genes, providing a new method for the study of alternative splicing of blood group gene variants mRNA.

Blood immunological analysis of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn caused by Rh deletion type D-- / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To analyze the causes of a case of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN),and investigate the genetic background of maternal Rh deletion D--formation. 【Methods】 Blood samples of maternal and fetus were collected, and ABO blood typing, Rh blood typing, antibody screening and identification test were performed to explore the blood group serological characteristics of Rh deletion type D--, and Rh gene sequence was performed on parturient. 【Results】 The maternal blood group was identified to be O type, D--, and the anti-Hr0 antibody against Rh high-frequency antigen was suspected to be caused by multiple pregnancies which passes through the placental barrier and enable fetus to obtain anti Hr0 antibody, leading to HDFN, with genetic testing result as RH RHCE* Ce/RHCE* Ce. 【Conclusion】 In-depth research on the formation mechanism of Rh D-- in parturient should be conducted to provide clinical value for HDFN blood exchange treatment and blood transfusion in special blood group population.

Identification of immune hemolytic transfusion reaction and exploration of transfusion compatibility testing / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To analyze the causes of immune hemolytic transfusion reaction in one case, identify related antibodies, and explore transfusion compatibility testing. 【Methods】 ABO/Rh blood group identification, unexpected antibody identification of serum and diffusion fluid, direct antiglobulin test(DAT) and cross matching were conducted by saline method and/or microcolumn gel method. 【Results】 The patient′s blood group was O, and Rh phenotype was identified as DCCee. The DAT was negative, with strong anti-E antibody and weak anti-c antibody detected. Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction occurred in the patient after the last transfusion. 【Conclusion】 Currently, immune hemolytic transfusion reaction in China are mainly caused by Rh blood group system antibodies. The absence of unexpected antibody screening before blood transfusion and the weak anti-c antibody which resulted in missed detection of non compatibility in cross matching led to acute hemolytic transfusion reaction. It is recommended to conduct unexpected antibody screening before blood transfusion, and to collect blood sample for testing as soon as possible to improve the accuracy of DAT when acute hemolytic transfusion reaction is suspected.

Serological and molecular biological analysis of RhD--: a case report / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To study the blood group serology and molecular biology of patients with RhD--, so as to guide clinical blood use. 【Methods】 The EDTA-K2 anticoagulant blood of the patient was detected for Rh antigens and antibodies. Meanwhile, DNA was extracted, and the 1-10 exon of RHCE and RHAG gene was sequenced by Sanger sequencing. 【Results】 The serological test showed O type RhD--, and all spectral cells were positive. RHCE gene sequencing showed RHCE*02/RHCE*02, RHAG gene sequencing showed mutations at site 808 G > A and site 861 G > A of exon 6. 【Conclusion】 When patients were with RhD--, and related immune conditions such as pregnancy and/or transfusion history were present, autologous blood transfusion or plasma exchange could be an option for emergency blood use.

Effects and mechanism of ginsenoside Rh2 on the proliferation and apoptosis of human glioma cells / 中国药房

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects and mechanism of ginsenoside Rh2 on the proliferation and apoptosis in human glioma U87 and U251 cells. METHODS Using human glioma U87 and U251 cells as subjects， the proliferation and apoptosis， as well as the expression of histone deacetylase 1（HDAC1） protein and apoptosis-related proteins [B cell lymphoma-2（Bcl-2）， Bcl-2-associated X protein （Bax） and cleaved caspase-3] were detected after being treated with different concentrations of ginsenoside Rh2. RESULTS The concentrations of 10，20，30，40，50，60，70，80 μmol/L ginsenoside Rh2 could generally significantly increase the proliferation inhibition rate of U87 and U251 cells （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）， and the half inhibitory concentrations of this component after 48 hours of action were 51.34 and 55.84 μmol/L， respectively；30，50 μmol/L ginsenoside Rh2 could increase the total apoptotic rate of both types of cells， reduced the protein expressions of HDAC1 and Bcl-2， and increased the protein expressions of Bax and cleaved caspase-3 significantly （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS Ginsenoside Rh2 has a significant inhibitory effect on the proliferation of glioma cells and promotes the apoptosis of cells， which may be through reducing the expression of HDAC1 protein and activating the Bcl-2 family protein-mediated apoptosis pathway.

Reflection on blood transfusion in a patient with RhC/E gene deletion / 中华检验医学杂志

The patient′s ABO blood type and Rh antigen phenotype were identified by monoclonal antibody serum test tube agglutination, and Rh antigen deletion was confirmed by gene sequencing.The ABO blood type and Rh antigen phenotype of the patient were identified using monoclonal antibody serum in vitro agglutination assay, and Rh antigen deletion was confirmed using gene sequencing. The Rh typing saline method showed that the patient was positive for anti D, but negative for anti E, -C, -c, and -e. The saline method for antibody screening showed negative results for cells I to III, positive results for polyamine and anti human globulin tests, positive results for antibody identification cells 1 to 16, and negative results for themselves. Direct anti globulin tests showed negative results. The sequencing results of RhC/E gene showed that exons 9-10 were normal, while exons 1-8 were missing. The patient had a deletion of exons 1-8 of the RhC/E gene, resulting in a loss of Rh antigen E/e and C/c expression. After the first random matching transfusion, the patient produced antibodies targeting E/e and C/c, resulting in an incompatibility between the main and side matching during the second infusion of red blood cell products and the inability to transfuse. In order to solve this situation, first we need to establish a rare blood group bank for Rh C/E gene deletion. Secondly, during the first blood transfusion, a small amount of RH antigen red blood cells should be injected. Stored autologous blood transfusion should also be considered.

Fetal RHD screening from circulating cell-free DNA in RhD-negative pregnant women / 中华围产医学杂志

Objective:To investigate the RHD genotypes of RhD-negative pregnant women and explore the optimum strategy for fetal RHD screening among this population in the region. Methods:This prospective study recruited 33 cases of RhD-negative singleton pregnancies at ≥12 weeks of gestation in Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital from March to November 2021. On the basis of RHD genotyping, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the exons 5 and 10 of RHD gene in the circulating cell-free DNA of RhD-negative pregnant women harboring whole RHD gene deletion and RHD-CE(2-9)- D. High-throughput sequencing was performed to detect chr1:25648453 locus from circulating cell-free DNA in plasma of RhD-negative pregnant women harboring RHD 1227A mutation to screen the fetal RhD blood group. Neonatal umbilical cord blood samples were collected for verifying fetal RHD genotyping. Descriptive statistical analysis was used. Results:Whole RHD gene deletion homozygous genotype ( n=20, 60.6%), RHD-CE(2-9) -D/whole RHD gene deletion heterozygous genotype ( n=5, 21.2%), RHD 1227A/whole RHD gene deletion heterozygous genotype ( n=7, 15.2%) and RHD 711delC/whole RHD gene deletion heterozygous genotype ( n=1) were identified in the 33 RhD-negative pregnant women. In the 25 cases with whole RHD gene deletion homozygous genotype or RHD-CE(2-9)- D/whole RHD gene deletion heterozygous genotype, 22 fetuses were RhD-positive and three were RhD-negative based on prenatal screening, which were confirmed by the neonatal serological test results after birth. In the seven cases carrying RHD 1227A/whole RHD gene deletion heterozygous genotype, all fetuses were RhD-positive, which were consistent with the results of serological detection after delivery. The case harboring RHD 711delC/whole RHD gene deletion heterozygous genotype did not receive fetal RHD screening. Conclusions:This study suggests that whole RHD gene deletion homozygous genotype is the most common allele in RhD-negative population in this area, followed by RHD 1227A/whole RHD gene deletion heterozygous genotype and RHD- CE(2-9)- D/whole RHD gene deletion heterozygous genotype. For women with whole RHD gene deletion homozygous genotype, RHD- CE(2-9)- D, or RHD 1227A mutation, fetal RHD screening with quantitative real-time PCR and high-throughput sequencing are important for the management of RhD-negative pregnant women.

Frequency and distribution of ABO and Rhesus (D) blood groups: A tertiary care hospital experience

Background: The ABO and Rhesus (Rh) blood group system are proved to be useful for blood transfusion purposes. They are also useful for organ transplantation, genetic research, and anthropology. The frequency and distribution of ABO and Rh blood group vary in different populations throughout the world. The knowledge of blood group distribution in respective city or region plays crucial role in the management of blood bank and transfusion services in those areas. Aim and Objectives: The present study was conducted to determine the frequency and distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups in blood donors of tertiary health care center. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in tertiary care hospital-attached blood bank among the blood donors, who donated blood during the period from January 2017 to December 2021. ABO and Rh blood grouping of these donors were performed by tube agglutination method. Results: Out of 14,409 blood donors, 8,138 (56.5%) were male donors and 6,271 (43.5%) were female donors. The most frequent blood group was O (41.4%) and least common was AB (5.1%). The 95.7% blood donors were Rh positive and 4.3% were Rh negative. Conclusion: In the ABO blood group system, “O” blood group was most common and AB blood group was least common and in Rh blood group system, the Rh positive blood group was more common.

Frequency of Rh and K antigens in blood donors in Riyadh

ABSTRACT Objectives: Investigate the prevalence of Rh and the K antigens and their phenotypes in the red blood cells of blood donors in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a retrospective study. The five principal Rh antigens (D, C, c, E, e) and the Kell antigen from the Kell blood group were tested in 4,675 random samples collected from four blood bank centers in Riyadh. Data were collected for seven weeks (from January 4, 2019 to February 28, 2019). Antigens were tested using the TANGO Optimo system. Results: We found that approximately 86% of the donors had the D antigen, 66% had C, 78% had c, 26% had E, 97% had e and 14% had K. The most common Rh phenotypes were R1r (31%) and R1R1 (22%). Conclusion: The differences in the results between the study population and other populations, such as Caucasian, Indian and African populations indicate the importance of establishing a population-specific database.

Distribution pattern of ABO and Rh (D) blood group system among 1st-year medical students

Background: Clinical studies, reliable geospatial data, and blood bank management all require an understanding of blood group trends. The prevalence of ABO in the blood group varies from one community to another. Every transfusion center/hematology lab is required to keep a statistical record of the blood group among their population, staff, and students. Aim and Objectives: Determining ABO and Rh blood group and study the pattern of these blood groups with an estimation of gene frequencies among first phase medical students of GMC Jammu. Materials and Methods: 250 medical students were recruited for the study. The finger-prick technique was done to obtain blood. On clean glass slides, a drop of monoclonal anti-A, B, and D was added to a drop of red blood cell suspension made from finger-prick blood and normal saline and thoroughly mixed. The agglutination results were subsequently recorded. Percentages were used to represent the data. Results: ABO blood group prevalent in this study was B, which accounted for 39.6% of all cases (36.8% B+ and 2.8% B-) followed by O with 34% (33.2% O+ and 0.8% O-), A with 21.2% (20% A+ and 1.2% A-), and AB with 5.2% (5.2% AB+ and 0% AB-). Among Rh group 95.2% were positive whereas 4.8% were found to be negative. The gene frequency for IA (p) - 0.1599, for IB (q) - 0.2571, and IO (r) - 0.5830. Conclusion: The B blood group is more ubiquitous than the others, with the AB blood group being the least common. Rh-positive is more common than Rh-negative blood types. Gender had no effect on the ABO and Rh blood groups.